ABSTRACT
O diagnóstico precoce e o rastreamento das lesões precursoras do câncer do colo uterino são de extrema importância. O diagnóstico citológico ainda é a principal ferramenta para a prevenção. O uso de testes para detectar o DNA-HPV associado à citologia tem sido proposto, visto que existem evidências epidemiológicas de que o papilomavírus humanos (HPV) é causa necessária para a ocorrência do câncer cervical. De acordo com a classificação de Bethesda 2001, células escamosas atípicas (ASC) são alterações citológicas sugestivas de lesão intraepitelial, qualitativa ou quantitativamente insuficientes para uma interpretação definitiva. Elas são subdivididas em ASC-US (células escamosas atípicas de significado indeterminado possivelmente não neoplásicas) e ASC-H (células escamosas atípicas não sendo possível excluir lesão intraepitelial de alto grau). O seguimento ideal para mulheres com diagnóstico de ASC é controverso e existem dúvidas sobre como realizá-lo, bem como qual o tratamento mais apropriado. O objetivo desta revisão consiste em avaliar o seguimento e tratamento das mulheres com diagnóstico citológico de ASC. Foi realizada revisão da literatura de estudos indexados em banco de dados como MEDLINE, PubMed e LILACS.
Early diagnosis and screening of precursor lesions of cervical cancer are extremely important. The cytological diagnosis is still the main tool to prevention. The use of tests to detect DNA-HPV combined with cytology has been proposed, since there are epidemiological evidences that human papillomavirus (HPV) is a necessary cause for the occurrence of cervical cancer. According to the 2001 Bethesda classification atypical squamous cells (ASC), there are cytological changes suggestive of squamous intraepithelial lesion that are qualitatively or quantitatively insufficient for a definitive interpretation. It is subdivided into ASC-US (atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance may not neoplastic) and ASC-H (atypical squamous cells is not possible to exclude high-grade intraepithelial lesion). The ideal follow-up for women diagnosed with ASC is controversial and there are doubts about how to accomplish it and the most appropriate treatment. The objective of this review is to evaluate the monitoring and treatment of women with cytological diagnosis of ASC. We performed a literature review of studies indexed in databases such as MEDLINE, PubMed and LILACS.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology , Uterine Cervical Dysplasia/diagnosis , Uterine Cervical Dysplasia/pathology , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/pathology , Cytodiagnosis , Colposcopy/methods , DNA, Viral/analysis , Early Diagnosis , Papillomavirus Infections/diagnosis , Mass Screening , Papillomaviridae/isolation & purification , DNA Probes, HPV/economics , Cytological Techniques/methodsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To assess cost-effectiveness of conventional cytology and HPV DNA testing for cervical-cancer screening in Colombia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The National Cancer Institute of Colombia (NCIC) in 2007 developed a Markov model on the natural history of cervical cancer; no screening, conventional cytology, and HPV DNA testing were compared. Only direct costs were used. Outcomes comprise cervical cancer mortality, years of life saved, and lifetime costs. Discounted incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were estimated and sensitivity analyses were conducted for key parameters. RESULTS: Depending on the screening strategy a 69-81 percent mortality reduction might be expected. The HPV DNA testing every five years is a cost-effective strategy (Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (ICER): USD$44/YLS) if the cost per test is under USD$31. The effectiveness was sensitive to coverage and primarily to follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: HPV DNA testing is a cost-effective alternative for screening in Colombia. Not only high coverage but high follow-up rates are critical for successful screening programs.
OBJETIVO: evaluar el costo-efectividad de la citología convencional y la prueba de ADN-VPH para tamización de cáncer cervical en Colombia. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología de Colombia construyó en 2007 un modelo de Markov de historia natural del cáncer cervical. Se comparó "no tamización", citología convencional y prueba de ADN-VPH. Se utilizaron costos directos. Los desenlaces fueron mortalidad, años de vida ganados y costos. Se calcularon razones de costo-efectividad incremental. Se realizaron análisis de sensibilidad para parámetros clave. RESULTADOS: la mortalidad se redujo 69-81 por ciento según la estrategia. La tamización con ADN-VPH cada cinco años es costo-efectiva (ICER (Razón de Costo-Efectividad incremental por sus siglas en inglés): 44 dólares por año de vida saludable) si los costos por prueba son menores a 31 dólares. La efectividad fue más sensible al seguimiento que a la cobertura. CONCLUSIONES: La tamización con prueba ADN-VPH es costo-efectiva para Colombia. No solamente altas coberturas, sino también altos porcentajes de seguimiento son críticos para el éxito de la tamización.